What are the characteristics of the glass door of the refrigerator?
The molecular arrangement of isotropic glass is irregular, and its molecules have statistical uniformity in space. Ideally, the physical and chemical properties of homogeneous glass (such as refractive index, hardness, modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, etc.) are the same in all directions.
Since glass is a mixture and is amorphous, it has no fixed melting point and thus no fixed boiling point.
The change of glass from solid to liquid is carried out in a certain temperature range (ie, softening temperature range), which is different from crystalline materials and has no fixed melting point. The range of softening temperature is TG?T1, TG is the change temperature, T1 is the liquidus temperature, and the corresponding viscosities are 1013.4 DPA·s and 104?6 DPA·s respectively.
Generally, metastable glassy materials are obtained by rapidly cooling the melt.
When the melt becomes glassy, the viscosity increases sharply during cooling, and the particles cannot be arranged regularly to form crystals without releasing the latent heat of crystallization. Therefore, glassy materials have higher internal energy than crystalline materials, and their energy is between the molten state and the crystalline state, belonging to the metastable state. From a mechanical point of view, glass is an unstable high-energy state. For example, the low-energy state has a tendency to change, that is, there is a tendency to crystallize, so glass is a metastable solid material.
The process from molten state to solid state is gradual, and the changes in physical and chemical properties are continuous and gradual. This is clearly different from the crystallization process of the melt. New phases must appear during crystallization, and many properties change abruptly around the point of crystallization temperature.
However, the change of glassy materials from the molten state to the solid state is accomplished over a wide temperature range. As the temperature drops, the glass melt gradually increases in viscosity and then forms a solid glass, but no new phases are formed in the process. In contrast, the process of heating and melting glass is also gradual.